A rumour spread among the sepoys that the grease used to lubricate the cartridges was a mixture of pigs’ and cows’ lard thus, to have oral contact with it was an insult to both Muslims and Hindus. To load it, the sepoys had to bite off the ends of lubricated cartridges. The pretext for revolt was the introduction of the new Enfield rifle. The mutiny broke out in the Bengal army because it was only in the military sphere that Indians were organized. The introduction of Western methods of education was a direct challenge to orthodoxy, both Hindu and Muslim.
There was a widespread belief that the British aimed at breaking down the caste system. Converts to Christianity were to share with their Hindu relatives in the property of the family estate. During his tenure as governor-general of India (1848–56), Lord Dalhousie made efforts toward emancipating women and had introduced a bill to remove all legal obstacles to the remarriage of Hindu widows. The humanitarian movement led to reforms that went deeper than the political superstructure. Missionaries were challenging the religious beliefs of the Hindus. To those problems may be added the growing discontent of the Brahmans, many of whom had been dispossessed of their revenues or had lost lucrative positions.Īnother serious concern was the increasing pace of Westernization, by which Hindu society was being affected by the introduction of Western ideas. It involved the British prohibiting a Hindu ruler without a natural heir from adopting a successor and, after the ruler died or abdicated, annexing his land. One notable British technique was called the doctrine of lapse, first perpetrated by Lord Dalhousie in the late 1840s. Everywhere the old Indian aristocracy was being replaced by British officials. The British increasingly used a variety of tactics to usurp control of the Hindu princely states that were under what were called subsidiary alliances with the British. British paramountcy-i.e., the belief in British dominance in Indian political, economic, and cultural life-had been introduced in India about 1820. To regard the rebellion merely as a sepoy mutiny is to underestimate the root causes leading to it. In India it is often called the First War of Independence and other similar names. Begun in Meerut by Indian troops ( sepoys) in the service of the British East India Company, it spread to Delhi, Agra, Kanpur, and Lucknow. Indian Mutiny, also called Sepoy Mutiny or First War of Independence, widespread but unsuccessful rebellion against British rule in India in 1857–59.
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